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Adaptations are changes in life-forms over time that improve their potential to survive.
Plants in rainforests have adaptations that help them thrive in moist environments and avoid being eaten by hungry herbivores. Plants at the lower layers must also adapt to low light levels.
Clockwise from left: Philodendron patriciae, Anthurium crystallinum, Anthurium warocqueanum, and Geogenanthus ciliates all have large, dark leaves to capture light that filters through the forest canopy. Photos by Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
The pale color of the new leaves of Maniltoa lenticellata tricks hungry herbivores into not eating them. Photos by John Trager and Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Cissus discolor has leaves that are colorful on both the front and back. Photos by Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Pharus latifolius is a grass with broad leaves that help it gather light. Photos by Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Guarea kunthiana leaves sometimes appear to have insect damage that may deter hungry herbivores. Photos by Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Note the mark on the Guarea kunthiana stem above. This leaf scar shows the spot where a leaf fell off. Leaf scars differ from branch scars. Branches do not fall easily, while plants routinely drop leaves, in the same way that mammals shed hair. Photo by Max Tepper. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
From left to right: Columnea cruenta, Columnea cf. zebranella, and Columnea perpulchra all have leaves with bright, eye-catching, reddish hues. Photos by John Trager and Max Tepper. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Verschaffeltia splendida has sharp spines at the base of its leaves. Photos by Jamie Pham and Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
The buttress roots of Ficus insipida help keep it upright. Photo by Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
The stilt roots of this Verschaffeltia splendida remained upright even after the plant died. Photos by Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Epiphytic plants including bromeliads and tillandsias grow on trees at The Rose Hills Foundation Conservatory for Botanical Science at The Huntington. Photos Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Mountaintops in the tropics are often home to cloud forests, named for the fog that clings to the canopy. This environment’s cool temperatures and low light levels result in plants that generally grow slowly. Cloud forests are threatened by climate change, jeopardizing species adapted to these conditions.
Plants in cloud forests, such as orchids, ferns, and bromeliads, as well as unusual and beautiful tropical pitcher plants, have adaptations that help them thrive in damp, cool conditions.
In cultivation, epiphytes can be grown on pads of organic material mounted on racks. Photos by Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Spyhurospermum sp. has long, leafy branches that droop down along a tree’s trunk. Photos by Max Tepper. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Like tropical rainforests, tropical freshwater ecosystems support many different plants. Most aquatic plants live floating on the surface of water or submerged in shallow areas on the edges of rivers, streams, and ponds, where light penetrates the water. Wetlands encompass a diverse range of habitats, including mangrove forests, marshes, swamps, lagoons, and bogs. They can contain freshwater, saltwater, or a mixture of both.
Historically undervalued, wetlands support many endangered species, purify water, and help control erosion.
The Rose Hills Foundation Conservatory for Botanical Science’s bog habitat displays some of The Huntington’s most unusual American plants, including several carnivorous species.
Carnivorous plants such as Venus flytraps, American pitcher plants, sundews, butterworts, and bladderworts thrive in coastal bogs in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. Bogs are made up of nutrient-poor soils that make it difficult for plants to grow. However, carnivorous plants thrive in these conditions by growing on low-lying beds of soggy moss, using amazing adaptations to catch their prey.
Plants in aquatic environments often have soft, delicate leaves and stems because they do not need to cope with wind, frost, and arid conditions. They can be floating, submerged, or emergent.
Emergent aquatic plants including Lasimorpha senegalensis (left) and Anubias barteri (right) atop submerged Leptochilus pteropus. Photos by Max Tepper and Jeff Louie. | The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) floats on the surface of water. Photos by Max Tepper. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Submerged aquatic plants including Anubias sp. Photos by Max Tepper. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.
Coauthors
Victoria Gonzalez is digital learning specialist at The Huntington.
Sandy Masuo is botanical content specialist at The Huntington.
Reviewers
Dora Dalton is a freelance writer and editor.
Dylan Hannon is curator of conservatory and tropical collections at The Huntington.
Sarah Thomas is school programs and partnerships manager at The Huntington.