Wichita/Caddo and Wyandot

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  U.S. Indian Agents, Missionaries and Explorers

  Visual Materials

  Studio portraits of Rev. James Wilbur and G. W. Ingalls; group portrait of missionaries and Indians in western suits. Also included are four John K. Hillers photographs made during J. W. Powell's 1873 expedition to the Southwest, which included Ingalls. Pictured are Powell, Ingalls, James C. Pilling, J. E. Colburn, Thomas Moran, Nathan Adams, and Paiute Indians. Photographer: John K. Hillers; unidentified.

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  Cheyenne

  Visual Materials

  Photographs by John K. Hillers, except three by unidentified photographers. Most are group and single portraits of Cheyenne delegates to the annual Grand Council, Okmulgee, Oklahoma, 1875. Several views of temporary encampments. [Note: Sometimes Ingalls' dates on backs of prints and his ledger captions differ by one year – 1874 or 1875]. People identified: G. W. Ingalls with group of Cheyenne, 1875; Phil McCusker, U.S. Interpreter, and wife "Minnehaha"; Little Chief; Feathered Wolf; Plenty Horses; White Shield and son; Starving Elk; Little Bear and wife; Buffalo Meat; Chief Whirlwind and wife; Wolf on the Hill and wife.

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  Caddo

  Visual Materials

  Temporary camp of Chief "George Washington," showing him with two other Indian men and a white man standing under a canvas shelter, ca. 1875. Photograph by John K. Hillers.

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  Miscellaneous and Unidentified

  Visual Materials

  Several unidentified people, possibly Ingalls' family members. Includes portrait of a little boy, Merle Crawford, 1918, (Klamath Indian from Oregon); portraits of unidentified Indians and non-Indians; photographic postcard of a plank house near Placerville, California; man and woman in buggy, in Los Gatos, California, 1896.

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  George W. Ingalls Photograph Collection

  Visual Materials

  A collection of glass plate negatives and prints collected by Major George W. Ingalls, a United States Indian agent, 1872-1875, who worked among Paiute and other tribes in the West, as well as among Great Plains, Great Basin and Eastern tribes relegated to Indian Territory. Many of the photographs were made in the early 1870s and include photographs by John K. Hillers made during expeditions with John Wesley Powell in 1873 and 1874; views of Indian children attending seminary schools; portraits of tribal leaders in western suits; missionaries and churches in Indian Territory. There are also portraits of Indian delegates in Washington D.C.; portraits taken at Council meetings; and early views of Reno, Nevada, from the early 1900s. The majority of tribes represented are from Great Basin and Great Plains regions, but there are also Southwest Indian photographs by A. C. Vroman; and views of Northeast and Southeast Indian tribe members living in Indian Territory or attending annual council meetings. Notably, there is a view of a skull showing an example of head flattening (Folder 33, Item 1). Many of the original prints have ink captions in Ingalls' hand. Ingalls' captions often mention if the Indians pictured are Christians or otherwise "reformed." There are photographs of Indian graduates of seminary schools, and views of institutional buildings and churches with native and non-native people. Missionary families are shown in their houses, as well as native preachers in their new wooden houses. Additionally, there are also descriptions in pencil on the backs of original prints and copy prints that are, for the most part, taken from Ingalls' original negative envelopes. At some point after acquisition, Ingalls' handwritten identifications on the original negative envelopes were transcribed to the backs of the prints and the envelopes were discarded. A few still survive, and are filed with the prints --see Folder 23 (3), to see an example. This collection is a mixture of original and copy prints and negatives, as well as a few pieces of ephemera and some manuscript photograph lists and possible lecture notes by Ingalls. There are many original exposures among the glass negatives, which Ingalls may have received directly from the photographer(s). Others are copies that Ingalls may have borrowed to be photographed for his own collection, or he received from elsewhere. The Smithsonian's Bureau of Ethnology received letters from Ingalls asking for copies of certain photographs, indicating he did receive some copies this way. A May 30, 1919, letter from Ingalls' to the BAE refers to Hillers' photographs "for" him in Oklahoma, 1875, supporting the idea that Hillers gave Ingalls some original negatives.

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  Shoshone

  Visual Materials

  Mostly in Nevada, Utah. Includes studio portraits, dance scenes, dwellings, tepees. One photograph of Indians with Sheriff Ferrel; writing in hand of Ingalls says: "The Aftermath or the four survivors of last Indian massacre of Nevada before mess cleaned up at Reno. July 1910." One of the Shoshone girls was adopted and re-named Mary Josephine Estep, and there are several photos of her growing up. Several photographs of Chief Washakie (Eastern Shoshone) with his council and his family. Photographers: 1 carte-de-visite by C. R. Savage; Baker & Johnston (Evanston, Wyoming); 2 stereographs published by O. C. Smith (Brooklyn, New York).

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